LA ENSENANZA DE LA LITERATURA Essays - Popular University Of Cesar

LA ENSENANZA DE LA LITERATURA La crisis de la ensenanza de la literatura, se manifiesta en su inadecuacion a las necesidades educativas actuales. Los ninos y los jovenes no necesitan abarrotarse de conocimientos sobre autores y obras, periodos y movimientos, sino que se han de formar como lectores competentes de literatura. Ademas hay casos en que la informacion que aparece en muchos libros escolares de literatura no corresponde con las conclusiones actualizadas de la investigacion y la critica. Este cambio drastico en cuanto a los objetivos educativos requiere tambien un cambio radical en los metodos y formas de trabajo en el aula. Mi idea a implementar para lograr que la literatura sea ensenada de una manera correcta, o de mejor manera ya que los tiempos y las necesidades de los ninos y jovenes han cambiado, es que se ensene acerca de los libros basandose en los mismos, asi cambiando los textos escolares por las obras de los autores, ya que no se puede apreciar un libro atreves de otro. Ningun libro que hable de un libro dice mas que el libro en cuestion. Basicamente la estructura y metodologia en que se da la clase es anticuada, la literatura no se deberia ensenar teoricamente sino leyendo y basando el aprendizaje en ellos. Si no se logra un buen desarrollo en la ensenanza de la literatura no se educaran personas con conocimiento util para el presente, pero si con conocimiento historico. Si la educacion literaria es mas enfocada hacia lo contemporaneo (refiriendome al presente) se podra llegar a un inmenso nivel de conocimiento y se podria ser mejor en la practica sin usar metodos obsoletos.

Lab Report Topics #038; Ideas

Lab Report Topics #038; Ideas The main purpose of a laboratory report is to describe the findings obtained during the laboratory research. Laboratory experiments are practiced in a wide range of educational institutions that are focused on exact sciences. Taking into account the fact that all hard sciences are natural and, consequently, are characterized by clarity and consistency, the laboratory reports have to be objective and draw on the existing scientific concepts. Such an analysis is predominantly carried out on the basis of the hypothesis that can be justified or refuted during the study process. Choosing a topic and writing a laboratory report is a remarkably challenging task for the overwhelming majority of students due to the particular complexity of the exact sciences. Understandably, the issue of the paper depends on a specific science directly, but it does not abolish the existence of a considerable number of subjects for each of the exact sciences. Given such a wide choice of research, the topic should be not only correlated with the task of a particular discipline but also be a subject of curiosity for the student. Furthermore, the report requires a logical approach, critical thinking, impartiality, and maximum accuracy. Topics and Ideas for Lab Report Spatial Processing of Signals within Digital Shortwave Radio Systems The issue of spatial signal processing within the shortwave range is significantly underestimated and insufficiently investigated due to the complexity of the details in the frequency range. This topic should analyze the basic possibilities of using the spatial adaptation of radio communication channels by implementing a unique set of methods of spatial signal processing. The report can include the practical application of this signal-processing tool, the allocation of methods for adaptation of communication channels to the modern environment, and the evaluation of the efficiency of shortwave bandwidths. Statistical Methods in Medicine Although the use of statistic methods in the field of medicine is a relatively new approach, statistical evaluation of data is rated significantly high within the framework of the treatment process. This method of clinical research, which is known as biostatistics, has fundamentally changed the entire healthcare industry. The lab report has to focus on the description of the transition of medical research from the summary of individual observations to experimental work using control groups and large-scale trials, its paramount importance for the development of the science of medicine, and value for both patients and doctors. Development of Acoustic Systems Taking into account the speedy development of technologies, acoustic systems are the primary means of high-quality sound reproduction. Moreover, its application both in domestic and in production conditions increases its significance largely. This work can focus on the analysis of the purpose and composition of the product depending on the environment and its conditions, the technology of making the device, and its essential elements. Besides, this study will help to achieve maximum design efficiency for market promotion. Projection of Alternative Energy Sources Alternative power generation technologies have become not only extremely popular in the twenty-first century but have all the chances to take a niche of traditional sources. In order to examine this type of energy production thoroughly, the report can describe the use of this source within a specific country, region, or town, and analyze the favorableness of particular territory for the purpose of alternative methods. Examining the obtained data it is possible to analyze the energy efficiency of the implementation of this method and determine the most appropriate type, that is, solar, wave, biomass, geothermal, tidal or wind energy. Production of Straw Panels for Eco-Friendly Houses Straw is a great building material for construction energy efficient and environmentally friendly houses. This material is created without any chemical elements, which makes its cost considerably lower than usual building materials. The lab report may include comparing the thermal conductivity of straw with other materials such as gypsum or ceramic based on which one can prove or refute the economic feasibility of this product. Besides, such information may be useful for commercial enterprises which want to be involved in this area but not sure about the profitability of such a business. Computer Modeling of Body Movements under the Influence of Gravity Computer modeling is applied today in all spheres of sciences without exception. It not only allows one to investigate a particular issue more profoundly but also demonstrates it visually. Such a method is particularly useful for the study of physics. This report can take a variety of bodies moving in outer space as a basis and trace the influence of gravity on each of them. The acquired knowledge can help compare not only the impact of gravity on various objects but also create their virtual trajectory. Simulation by Monte Carlo Method The Monte Carlo method is based on simulating the process by mathematically calculating its progress, that is, the probability of a specific event is estimated with rather a high accuracy. This method is used not only in the field of mathematics but also in economics. This work may contain evidence of the effectiveness of using this method for the further construction of a mathematical model, determine the areas of its use, and the existence of a correlation between the efficiency and scale of the complexity of a particular research issue. The Significance of Wind Engines Taking into account that wind energy belongs to renewable resources, wind engines are becoming increasingly important due to the constant decrease of global reserves of natural resources. Wind power generation is exceptionally ecological since it reduces the environmental burden, but there are still some issues that need to be clarified. Firstly, it is necessary to find out which kind of wind engines is more effective, namely, linear or vertical type, and compare it with the efficiency of other types of alternative methods of energy production. Transformers and Their Applications Transformers are devices for increasing or decreasing the voltage. Although they are mainly used at power stations, their application is much more extensive than in open and closed space. This laboratory work can investigate the essential elements of the structure of the transformer, the principle of its operation, and the ability to transmit energy over long distances with less cost comparing its power with other transmission devices. Effect of Mineral Fertilizers on the Chemical Composition of Vegetables Today, there is not only the possibility of growing different crops but also applying many fertilizers during this process. Despite the existence of various types of chemical and natural substances, mineral fertilizers are in particular demand in the sphere of agriculture. Items that should be included in the paper are types of mineral fertilizers, that is, complex or simple, and their influence on the chemical composition of various vegetables. Drinking Water Quality Report The water quality depends on a particular chemical and biological composition. Its qualitative features can be estimated only by objective indicators. The report should be devoted to the analysis of drinking water in a specific area on the basis of compliance with established biological, physical, and environmental standards. Modern Methods of Studying Blood Characteristics A general blood test involves a quantitative and qualitative study of blood elements. Although there are three main groups of blood test methods today, their effectiveness varies considerably. The lab report can be based on the comparison of colorimetric, gasometrical, and titrimetric methods, and determination, which of them is more effective for diagnosing some diseases. Influence of Noise on the Nervous System The human nervous system is especially susceptible to all surrounding factors. The acoustic stimulus not only affects the organs but also contributes to their transformation. The key purpose of this work is to determine which noise level, which frequency, duration of action can adversely affect the nervous system. Besides, this study must necessarily take into account the individual characteristics of the organism. Influence of Abiotic Factors of Environment on the State of the Immune System The condition of environmental factors has a significant impact on human health. Given the number of living organisms and parasites that exist alongside humans, the immune system is the most vulnerable to abiotic factors. This report focuses on the main environmental factors not is caused by human activity and their impact on the immune system of the individual depending on the place of residence. Determination of the Quality of Detergents The development of the production and use of detergents is steadily increasing. Despite this tendency, the effectiveness of the wide range of cleansers remains in doubt. Therefore, the principal purpose of this lab report is to establish methods of technical and economic evaluation of detergent quality. Such an assessment would be especially beneficial for analyzing their effects on the human body. Quality Control of a Certain Pharmaceutical Product Taking into consideration all the cases of violation of the pharmaceutical production process and poor quality of raw materials, the composition of the drugs should be subjected to exclusive control. Despite the existing standards that medical companies have to comply with during production, some drugs still require more scrutiny. This report can include the key standardized indicators of pharmaceutical production and comparisons with medicines that do not comply with these standards. Issues of Child Injuries in Modern Conditions Although injuries are a severe problem of the present, its impact and side effects are often underestimated. It is clear that no age group of the population is insured against such kind of injuries, but children are the most prone and vulnerable to damage. Therefore, the report should include the concept, classification of child injuries, and measures aimed at reducing this tendency. Determination of Nitrate Content in Food Even though a person consumes nitrates in the prospect of one’s life, their excessive amount can adversely affect human health. Although nitrates are a mandatory component of food and are essential for the human body, there are still certain admissible levels of its consumption. Consequently, the report should be concerned on a list of products that may contain these salts and its maximum allowable doses. Development of New Methods for Checking the Acidity of Milk and Dairy Products Acidity is one of the chief indicators of the freshness of milk and dairy products. Increased acidity can pose a particular threat to the human body, which is characterized by a remarkable sensitivity to lactose. The work should focus on indicators of the maximum acidity of milk of different varieties and methods of checking liquid for freshness. Effect of Dustiness and Air Pollution on the Function of the Human Respiratory System The human body needs fresh air constantly, but the air that people breathe in may contain a lot of harmful substances. Solid or shallow materials can cause irreparable damage to humans organism. This laboratory report can include the illnesses, which can lead to excessive inhalation of such elements, their permissible amount, and preventive measures for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Conclusion It goes without saying that the lab report is an extremely complex task due to its accuracy requirements, but on the other hand, such work is beneficial for the development of rational thinking and more profound knowledge of natural sciences. The ideas of those laboratory leads, which are presented above, prove that â€Å"hard† sciences can be not only tough for perception, but also an exciting way to learn something new. Generally speaking, it is worth to mention that science is not only complicated but also incredibly fascinating.

What Is Vancouver Referencing

What Is Vancouver Referencing What Is Vancouver Referencing? Vancouver is the most populous city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is ethnically diverse, known for its high quality of life, and nicknamed â€Å"Hollywood North† for its connections to the Canadian film industry. It is also the home of Vancouver referencing. Well, sort of. In this post, we’ll look at the basics of Vancouver referencing. This will include how to cite sources, reference lists and bibliographies, and why it is called â€Å"Vancouver† referencing in the first place. What Is Vancouver Referencing? Vancouver referencing is so called because of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, who met in Vancouver to agree on a referencing style for all biomedical journals. They decided on an â€Å"author–number† system. This uses numbered citations to point to entries in a reference list, where the author and text are named. However, Vancouver is not a â€Å"system† in the strict sense. Instead, it is a reference style with several variations (e.g., style of punctuation and use of italics). As such, if your school or publisher suggests using Vancouver referencing, make sure to check your style guide carefully. Citations in Vancouver As mentioned above, Vancouver uses numbers to point to an entry in the reference list. The exact format for citing a source can vary, but this usually involves parentheses (1), square brackets [2], or superscript numbers.3 If the author is named in the text, the citation usually comes after their name. If not, the citation goes at the end of the relevant passage. For instance: According to Smith (1), X is Y. However, some studies disagree (2). Each number refers to a different source, with sources numbered in the order they are first cited. If you then cite the same source again, simply repeat the number you used the first time. Advanced Citations As well as basic citations, you can cite more than one source at a time by including more than one number. And if you quote a source, you should also include page numbers: If X truly is Y (1, 3-5), then â€Å"Y must also be X† (6: p. 24). For example, with the first citation above, the author is citing sources 1, 3, 4, and 5 from their reference list. With the second citation, they are citing page 24 of the sixth source in the list. The Reference List Like with citations, the format of a Vancouver reference list will depend on the version of the system used. However, they all have two things in common: Sources are listed in the order they are first cited in your document. All references should include enough information for the reader to find the source used. A reference for a book, for example, might look like this: (1) Smith A. X and Y: A Study of Similarity. New York: PI Publications; 2012. The number at the start matches the citation in the main text. After that, we have the author’s name, the title of the book, and the publication details. This level of detail will usually suffice. Reference List or Bibliography? Some versions of Vancouver distinguish between a â€Å"reference list† and a â€Å"bibliography.† Usually, the reference list is only cited sources, while a bibliography may include additional reading. This terminology can vary, though, and which you need will depend on the version of Vancouver used. This, again, makes it wise to check your style guide if you’re unsure how to proceed. But as long as you’re clear and consistent in how you cite sources in your work, you’ll be on the right track! And if you’d   like someone to check the referencing in your work, let us know.

Experience Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experience Assignment - Essay Example Since the far-reaching economic reforms from the late 1960s, growth has fuelled a remarkable increase in per capita income and at the same time, however, income disparities have increased. The growing income inequality is illustrated clearly by the living standards between the urban and the rural areas. The last three decades have seen unprecedented progress when it comes to reducing extreme poverty around the world, but there is still an awful lot more to be done. However, as the World Bank still points out, there are still roughly 1.3 billion people completely destitute, including about 400 million children. People around the world in â€Å"extreme poverty† tend to lack enough food to meet basic physical and mental needs. Judging from the daily incomes of the extremely poor around the world, extreme poverty is getting less deep. Poverty for middle and high income countries fell more than 50 percent since 1982. When one looks closely st the recent progress in the developing world, much of it is mostly attributed to countries like China, and to a lesser extent, India, whose amped up economic growth in recent years reduced their poverty rates. By contrast, extreme poverty in the 35 â€Å"low-income† countries fell by less than 33 percent. Aside from China and India, In dividuals living in extreme poverty in the developing world, today appear to be as poor as those living in extreme poverty thirty years ago, as the World bank puts it. Instead of asking myself which car should I buy, or what clothes should I wear or which different restaurant should I visit next, living on less than t $5 forces one to really have a tight budget as you cannot afford the luxuries that some of us do take for granted at times. When money is tight, we have to make whatever we have to stretch and lesser money means smaller, simpler meals. In this day and era, it is impossible to live without a

Religion in Things Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion in Things Fall Apart - Essay Example The novel is one of the most influential of twentieth-century works of literature and is considered to be one of the landmark novels in English literature and postcolonial literature. What constitutes a man in the novel can be seen from the description of what constitutes success within the Igbo tribe, according to Achebe. This would include worldly success as well as the spiritual ascent. This is indicated through a variety of gestures within the novel on the part of the writer and the other members of the society that the novelist is a part of. The idea of the man is then derived not only from the material aspects of life but also from the spiritual; aspects of it. This can be seen from the fact that Okonkwo is also assigned spiritual responsibilities as a result of the social position that he held. He is assigned the responsibility of taking care of Ikemefuna, something that becomes very important as far as the progression of the plot is concerned. Apart from this, the fact that O konkwo is a part of the Igbo priesthood is also very significant as it points to his position within the spiritual society of the Igbo community. His removal from the priesthood is also accompanied by a fall in his social status and this points towards a connection between religion and society in the material sense of it as far as the Igbo community was concerned. The aim of life in such a society is to regenerate the society itself through a flourishing of human lives. This is what the religion also enjoins as is seen from the high price that it places upon the crime of murder. The price that Okonkwo has to pay for the one mistake that he makes is enormous. This can also be seen to be a worldview that he shares in when he says, â€Å"my children do not resemble me. Where are the young suckers that will grow when the old banana tree dies?† (Achebe). This emphasis on the regeneration of the society and the urge to see oneself in the future generations can then be seen to be th e basis of a social form of religion in Things Fall Apart. These lies are the story of how Okonkwo is unable to be satisfied with his own son and often compares him to his father who he felt was not somebody who had led a productive life. What is true and what is false, is also something that like traditional western religions, do not have their basis entirely in rationality and scientific beliefs. The beliefs that are upheld are often arbitrary and the very nature of the traditional religion supports this kind of an ambiguity in the ways in which religion works within traditional African society. This is then the result of a great many years of ossification of the traditional structures of religion. Such structures are then broken down in the face of colonialism within the novel. As important as an analysis of the traditional structures of the religion is the idea of the changes that were brought about in these ideas of tradition by

Juvenile Correctional Officers Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Correctional Officers Essay When a person is charged for a crime that was committed and is sentenced to serve time in a facility, a correctional officer is responsible for the supervision and safety of the detainee. Correctional officers work in adult and juvenile detention centers, though in each facility their responsibilities differ pertaining to whether the detainee is an adult or a juvenile. Because of the ages of the detainees a correctional officer at a juvenile detention facility are greater than if they were dealing with adults. To understand what the differences are in regards to a juvenile, one must know, child development, punishment, and deterrence play a part in the unique situations pertaining to a juvenile detainee. Every child that commit’s a crime has their very own unique situation behind the crime. Some children were taught the crimes they commit by a trusted adult, or television. Some may have an underlying mental or psychological defect that brought them to commit the crime. There are also situations where a child was neglected, abandoned, or abused by an adult they cared about, thus bringing violence among the child. A child’s development can play a very important role in corrections. There may be a violent child that may need to be restrained or put in separate quarters to protect themselves as well as other detainees from harm. A child may also need to be medicated because of an underlying condition or disease. All of these factors can not only affect how a child is taken care of in a facility, but also before that when they are arrested and tried. All of the above factors can either help or hurt a child. If there is no proof of abuse or an mental condition, the courts may be less lenient on their charge and sentence, then a troubled child with underlying factors, in which a judge may take those factors into consideration and gives a lesser charge, House them in a mental facility instead, or provide extra programs or services to help the child once detained. Through punishment a court can show the juvenile what happens if they commit a crime and keep them off the street and from the community by taking away their freedom. Most juveniles are punished by a fine, community service, probation, home electronic monitoring, or incarceration in a juvenile detention center. While there they will be under close supervision of correctional officers and therapists in some facilities. There are occasions for serious crimes that a judge will sentence a juvenile to an adult detention center if they have been tried as an adult. The juveniles that are occasionally tried as adults are ones that commit crimes such as manslaughter, sex crimes, or murder. While a juvenile is in a detention center, they can have visitors as long as it is an immediate family member and this is usually on certain days. In some facilities, recreation, religious, and educational programs are given while they are detained as well. â€Å"Increased punishment of juveniles reduces the amount of crime they commit in a way similar to the impact punishment has for adults, according to a new paper by Steven Levitt, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Chicagoâ€Å". â€Å"The evidence suggests that juvenile crime is responsive to harsher sanctions,† Levitt writes. â€Å"The estimated decrease in crime associated with incarcerating an additional juvenile is at least as large as the corresponding reduction in crime for adult offenders†, (Levitt, S, 1998). â€Å"In an effort to strengthen the sanctions for serious juvenile crimes, a number of states have enacted laws increasing the types of offenders and offenses eligible for transfer from the juvenile court to the adult criminal court for trial and potential sentencing†, (Redding, R, 2010). These laws are created to try and set precedent to deter juveniles from following certain crime trends and teach them what is in store for them if they do offend. Deterrence has became a popular practice in the criminal justice system. With success of a deterrence, jails and detention centers do not get overcrowded, and more money of the individual states can go to fund therapeutic programs and services to assist troubled individuals. In some instances, a juvenile can be given an opportunity to make heir offense right by attending therapy and psychological meetings, thus helping them cope with whatever issues they may have. This can aid in deterring the individual from committing a crime. Juveniles are our future and it is the responsibility of us adults to help them grow up into fine law abiding individuals and not into a life of crime. To help adults teach juveniles they , must know the juvenile corrections department and educate their children. Knowing how a child develops, how punishment can help, and ways to deter the juvenile are good practices for any parent and adult to learn. For us to safely say we raised our kids right, we must keep the world free of crime and full of love. Resources Redding, Richard, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, US Dept of Justice, Juvenile Transfer Laws, 2010, Right Margin Steven Levitt, Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago, Juvenile Delinquents, University of Chicago News Office, December 21, 1998, Para. 1.

Stereotypes, Stereotyping and Teen Pregnancy :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Teen Pregnancy and Stereotypes Teen pregnancy is increasing yearly. According to the March of Dimes, teenage birth rates have decreased steadily in the country since 1991. Teenage birth rates in the United States remain relatively high compared to the more developed countries. According to the March of Dimes, "nearly thirteen percent of all births in the United States were teens ages fifteen to nineteen. Almost one million teenagers become pregnant each year and about 485,000 give birth (Teenage 1). Babies, as well as the teenage mothers, face long-time problems may face long-term problems from the pregnancy. These problems may include school failure, poverty, and physical or mental illness. Babies born to teenagers are at greater risk for neglect and abuse than those of a woman. Teenage mothers may feel like they are being demanded to do the job and they may take their frustration out on the child (When 1). Why are so many teenagers having children at such a young age? What are the parents doing about it? For a long time now, I have thought about these questions. I am a teenager, why aren't I pregnant? Teenage girls feel pressure from their peers. Peers may say to you "Everyone is doing it." You may feel that you need to be part of the group to be "cool". Sometimes you may even feel that you know what you are doing. You think that nothing is going to happen to you until one day, and then you are delivering a baby. Parents are not as smart as they used to be in the sex education area. Many parents are afraid to speak with their children. Some may feel that their children are learning about it in school so why should they say it again. Many teenagers are sent to foster homes because the parents are too busy to take care of their responsibilities. Neglect is a cause for teenagers to get pregnant. They feel that if they have a child that they can be loved. Teen pregnancy, in my opinion, is awful. I feel that young women should not be having children at such a young age. I feel that these teenagers that are having babies are children themselves, and do not know how to take care of them as well as an older, more mature person might.

Governmental and Non Profit Essay

1. Certain core services are provided by most general purpose governments – those related to the protection of life and property, public works, parks and recreation facilities, and cultural and social services. Governments must also incur costs for general administrative support of its service departments. Core governmental services, together with general administrative support, comprise the major part of what GASB refers to as governmental activities. The measurement focus and basis of accounting for these activities is on the flow of current financial resources on the modified accrual basis in the governmental funds and on the flow of economic resources on the accrual basis in the Governmental Activities column of the government-wide financial statements. 2. The business-type activities of a government include public utilities, transportation systems, toll road and bridges, hospitals, parking garages and lots, liquor stores, golf courses, airports, and swimming pools, among other activities. Many of thses activities are intended to be self-supporting by charging users for the services they receive. Focusing financial reporting on economic resources recognized on the accrual basis of accounting allows the government to determine whether charges for services are sufficient to cover the full cost of the activity. This measurement focus and basis of accounting allows the government to determine whether charges for services are sufficient to cover the full cost of the activity. This measurement focus and basis of accounting is the same used for reporting governmental activities in the government-wide financial statements, but quite different from the current financial resources measurement focus and modified accrual basis of accounting use d in the governmental funds. 3. Fiduciary activities of a government involve the government’s discharge of its fiduciary responsibilities, either as an agent or trustee, for parties outside the government. For example, a government may serve as agent for other governments in the administering and collecting of taxes. Fiduciary activities are accounted for in agency funds, investment trust funds, pension trust funds, and private-purpose trust funds. Fiduciary activities are reported only in the fund financial statements and not in the government-wide financial statements because these resources belong to external parties, not the government. Fiduciary funds use accrual accounting and focus on economic resources, as do business-type activities. However, reporting for fiduciary activities differs from that for governmental funds since the latter funds focus primarily on the budget and current financial resources. 4. The three categories of funds are governmental, proprietary, and fiduciary. The fund types included in each category are the following: Governmental (general fund, special revenue funds, debt service funds, capital projects funds, and permanent funds), Proprietary (enterprise funds and internal service funds) and Fiduciary (agency funds, investment trust funds, pension trust funds, and private-purpose trust funds.) These categories correspond the three activity categories with the exception that financial information for internal service funds is generally reported in the governmental activities column of the government-wide financial statements. However, if an internal service fund predominantly serves an enterprise fund, its financial information is reported in the Business-type Activities column. 5. As a fiscal entity, a fund has its own resources and can incur liabilities to be repair from the fund resources. As an accounting entity, the fund has its own self-balancing set of accounts. 6. Governmental funds focus on the flow of current financial resources. Consequently, these funds use the modified accrual basis of accounting. Under modified accrual revenues are recognized if the inflow is measurable and available to pay current period obligations. Expenditures are recognized as incurred if they will be paid from available resources.

Inside the Criminal Justice System

Inside the Criminal Justice System There are many facets to the Criminal Justice System. Each facet plays an important role in the evolution of Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Justice system starts with local police officers moves all the way up to the prosecution and judges that see the cases. Each individual within the Criminal Justice System plays an important role in moving potential offenders through the system in a very effective manner. This process is important, so the system works smoothly. If one part of the system does not understand another’s job, it can cause conflict within the system. Knowing one another’s job exempts some factors of causing hiccups in processing an individual through the Criminal Justice System. According to (Bureau of Labor and Statistics), â€Å"Police officers and detectives protect lives and property. Law enforcement officer’s duties depend on the size and type of their organizations . Police and detectives pursue and apprehend individuals who break the law and then issue citations or give warnings. A large proportion of their time is spent writing reports and maintaining records of incidents they encounter. Most police officers patrol their jurisdictions and investigate any suspicious activity they notice. They also respond to calls from individuals. † (Bureau of Labor and Statistics) Detectives on the other hand perform some duties an officer would, but also a whole lot more. As stated by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, â€Å"Detectives perform investigative duties such as gathering facts and collecting evidence. The daily activities of police and detectives vary with their occupational specialty—such as police officer, or detective—and whether they are working for a local, State, or Federal agency. Duties also differ substantially among various Federal agencies, which enforce different aspects of the law. Regardless of job duties or location, police officers and detectives at all levels must write reports and maintain meticulous records that will be needed if they testify in court. † (Bureau of Labor and Statistics) The police are the first people to interact with the criminal defendant by arresting that person after they have committed a crime. As indicated ( The Offices of the United States Attorneys) â€Å"The U. S. Attorneys are the chief federal law enforcement officers in their districts, responsible for federal criminal prosecutions and civil cases involving the United States Government. The Executive Office for U. S. Attorneys provides support and oversight for the 94 offices across the country. (The Lancaster County, PA Office of the District Attorney ), states that â€Å"The District Attorney's Office assists police departments in criminal investigations, and prosecutes criminal charges for the Commonwealth against those who are accused of breaking the law. Upon receipt of a reported crime the District Attorney reviews the facts and evidence and decides whether or not to approve the charges and proceed with prosecution. After the District Attorney's Office approves the charges, the case will go to one of two kinds of courts: District Justice Preliminary Hearing, whereby a District Justice hears â€Å"court cases† and determines if there is prima facie merit to the case. If a prima facie determination is made the case is referred to the Lancaster County Court of Common Pleas. The Lancaster County Court of Common Pleas, whereby a Judge or Jury has final authority to decide misdemeanor and felony cases, and attends to summary appeals. Above the County Courts are the Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, each a successive step in the appellate process. They are courts of appeals, not trial courts as is the County Court Of Common Pleas. Most cases involving crimes committed by people less than 18 years of age go to Juvenile Court. (The Lancaster County, PA Office of the District Attorney ) The criminal defendant usually talks with or hears from the district attorney after charges are filed. They are the second people that interact with the criminal. They also state what they want the charge to be. The role of defense attorney, according to (Our Criminal Courts: The role of the Defense Counsel)â€Å"Defense lawyers are called upon by our system of justice for a variety of tasks. They explain to their clients what is happening, and make sure that each defendant knows his rights, and is fully aware of what is happening. As defense counsel, the lawyer is charged with protecting those rights, and ensuring that the client receives the protections afforded to every citizen by our laws. The lawyer will take over dealing with the prosecution, call and examine any witnesses in court, and do everything the law allows to keep his client from harm–or, at the least, to minimize the damage. This means challenging the prosecution's case, its conduct, and on occasion, the very laws that govern the case. We often take these protections for granted, or scoff at them as mere â€Å"technicalities† that do little but allow criminals to escape justice. It is easy, and often tempting, to dismiss defense lawyers (and, for that matter, all lawyers) as professional hacks, whose only function is to confuse juries and confound courts. And sometimes, when defending people who are clearly guilty, it may seem that defense lawyers are a needless extravagance, who only gets in the way of protecting people from the worst elements of society. But just as crimes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, criminals are often indistinguishable from the ordinary citizen, a fact that some of us only come to realize when we find ourselves seated at the defendant's table, with fingers pointing at us. It is then that we realize just how critical a vigorous and independent defense bar is to a free society–allowing ordinary citizens to challenge the actions of their own government. Viewed in this light, the bedrock of American liberty is our right to use the rules we have all agreed to live by to defend ourselves in a public setting, where the actions of the same government that seeks to condemn us must prove that we have broken the law. † (Our Criminal Courts: The role of the Defense Counsel) Even though some people may feel that defense lawyers exist only to make everyone else’s life difficult is not the case. They are very important to the criminal justice system. They are really there to help make sure people aren’t taken advantage of. The defense attorneys can also be the second person that they criminal interacts with. If the suspect doesn’t want to answer questioning they can use their right to an attorney and the questioning has to cease until the attorney gets there. The judge is a very important last step in the justice system. According to ( The role of the Judge )â€Å"They interpret the law, assess the evidence presented, and control how hearings and trials unfold in their courtrooms. Most important of all, judges are impartial decision-makers in the pursuit of justice. We have what is known as an adversarial system of justice – legal cases are contests between opposing sides, which ensures that evidence and legal arguments will be fully and forcefully presented. The judge, however, remains above the fray, providing an independent and impartial assessment of the facts and how the law applies to those facts. Many criminal cases – and almost all civil ones – are heard by a judge sitting without a jury. The judge is the â€Å"trier of fact,† deciding whether the evidence is credible and which witnesses are telling the truth. Then the judge applies the law to these facts to determine whether a civil claim has been established on a balance of probabilities or whether there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in criminal cases, that the suspect is guilty. Anyone who faces five years or more in prison if convicted of a crime has the right, under the Charter, to request a jury trial, and many defendants facing serious offences such as murder opt to have a jury hear their case. If the defendant is convicted of a crime, the judge passes sentence, imposing a penalty that can range from a fine to a prison term depending on the severity of the offence. In civil cases the judge decides whether a claim is valid and assesses damages, grants an injunction or orders some other form of redress to the plaintiff, unless a jury has been empanelled to make these decisions. † ( The role of the Judge ) The judge is usually the last part of the criminal justice system that the defendant will see. The judge does the sentencing and then you are sent off to jail, or prison, or your case is dismissed. I believe that the prosecutor’s office should be involved in post arrest because the police don’t have a criminal until after that person is arrested, then the prosecutor’s office can come in after the police prove with evidence that this person could have done the crime, then the prosecutor can come in and charge the person, and it can go into court. It’s good to have the prosecutor in the original stages, to see what kind of action needs to be taken, if the officer has grounds to make an arrest, he may do so without consulting the state. If there are no grounds for the officer to make the arrest on the spot, he then files a report with the prosecutor who determines if there is probable cause. By having a criminal defense attorney right away, you greatly improve the possibility of better results. The longer you wait to get an attorney, the more you stand to risk. If you are under investigation for a crime, your attorney should be present during questioning†¦ It is good to have a defense attorney from the beginning, but it’s not required to have one even before you ever commit a crime. The justice process can begin after an arrest at the first appearance where bail is decided; it can begin with the state presenting an information or indictment and then determine whether or not to issue a warrant for an arrest. References Bureau of labor and statistics. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 8, 2011. http://www. ls. gov/oco/ocos160. htm Caminsky, J (n. d. ). Our Criminal Courts: The role of the Defense counsel. Retrieved October 9, 2011. http://EzineArticles. com/487513 The Lancaster County, PA Office of the district attorney. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 7, 2011. http://www. co. lancaster. pa. us/da/cwp/view. asp? A=15&Q=464187 The Offices of the United States Attorneys. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 8, 2011. http://www. justice. gov/usao The ro le of the Judge. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 4, 2011. http://www. cscja-acjcs. ca/role_of_judge-en. asp.

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